Lotus Designs Extended Range Electric Crate Engine

For automakers heavily invested in light hybrids when extended range electric vehicles become the newest green fashion accessory, Lotus has developed the Lotus Range Extender, a self-contained EREV crate powerplant. It would seem Lotus is bringing "green" to the aftermarket.

EREVs like the exhaustively-publicized 2011 Chevy Volt don't operate from an internal combustion engine, they are basically electric cars with their own on-board generator for when the batteries die. That generator is a key part of the equation though, as it has to strike a balance between power generation, weight, expense, and fuel efficiency — we are still talking about the point of all this being more miles with less fuel.

The Lotus unit is an all-aluminum 1.2 liter inline three cylinder which operates in a relatively narrow rev-band to optimize efficiency, developing a maximum of 35 kW. The engine has some very interesting design choices as well. Lotus has gone retro, and cast the head, block, and exhaust manifold in one piece, just like old-timey engines. The design improves durability, eliminates a host of gaskets and other parts, and reduces engine weight, in fact the whole unit clocks in at an impressive 123 lbs. Guess Lotus is still in the business of adding lightness.

But what will it be used in? Vaporware for now. It's part of a British Government-funded program called 'Limo-Green,' which is a technology collaboration project between Lotus, Jaguar and Caparo to develop an executive limo demonstrator that's Earth-friendly. Boring if you ask us. Give us a lightweight electrically-motivated Exige.

Lotus Range Extender Engine Revealed

The Lotus Range Extender - designed specifically for the new breed of highly efficient series hybrid vehicles.

Lotus Engineering, the world-renowned automotive consultancy division of Lotus, unveils its Range Extender engine at the 63rd Frankfurt International Motor Show. In a series hybrid vehicle, the Range Extender engine is attached to an electricity generator and provides a highly efficient source of energy to power the electric motor directly or charge the vehicles battery. The battery can also power the electric motor which enables the design of a drivetrain that has low emissions, optimised performance and acceptable range.

The Lotus Range Extender engine features an innovative architecture comprising an aluminium monoblock construction, integrating the cylinder block, cylinder head and exhaust manifold in one casting. This results in reduced engine mass, assembly costs, package size and improved emissions and engine durability.

The three-cylinder 1.2 litre Range Extender engine is optimised between two power generation points, giving 15 kW of electrical power at 1,500 rpm and 35 kW at 3,500 rpm via the integrated electrical generator. Its low mass of 56 kg makes it ideal for the series hybrid drivetrain configurations for which it is designed. The engine uses an optimised two-valve port-fuel injection combustion system to reduce cost and mass and, in line with Lotus Engineering's extensive research into renewable fuels, can be operated on alcohol-based fuels or gasoline.

For successful market uptake of series hybrid vehicles with acceptable driving range, vehicle manufacturers must overcome the challenges of high vehicle cost. The Lotus Range Extender engine not only offers the advantage of a cost effective design, but also its high efficiency and low mass will enable the downsizing of expensive batteries whilst maintaining vehicle efficiency and range. The engine has been designed using production methodologies and the parts procured from low volume potential production suppliers, offering a fast route to market for original equipment manufacturers wanting to source a dedicated range extender for series hybrid vehicles.

Paul Newsome, Managing Director of Lotus Engineering said: "As the world changes, Lotus Engineering continues to change with it, continuously developing solutions for more sustainable transportation. The Lotus Range Extender engine is another example of Lotus Engineering developing new technologies for efficient performance, this time in the area of series hybrid vehicles. The engine concept we have created with its optimised combustion and compact, low mass, low cost construction is a clear demonstration of the expertise and progressive approach Lotus takes for its own research and for its clients."

The Lotus Range Extender engine has been developed as part of the 'Limo-Green' project funded by the UK's Technology Strategy Board, a collaboration between Lotus Engineering, Jaguar Cars Ltd, MIRA Ltd and Caparo Vehicle Technologies, demonstrating a large, lightweight, prestigious executive saloon with less than 120 g/km CO2 emissions.

Simon Wood, Technical Director of Lotus Engineering said: "Most series hybrid vehicles that are currently being developed will use adaptations of existing, conventional engines which are therefore compromised in the efficiency that they can achieve, designed as they are for a wide range of operating conditions. Designing the Lotus Range Extender purely for use in series hybrids has allowed us instead to develop an optimised engine that has high thermal efficiency, low fuel consumption, multi-fuel capability and a 35 kW peak output from a 1.2 litre, low cost architecture over the precise operating range required by a series hybrid drivetrain."

Key features of the Range Extender engine in detail:

Monoblock
The Range Extender features a novel engine architecture incorporating a monoblock construction that blends the cylinder head and block together eliminating the need for a cylinder head gasket, improving durability and reducing weight. Approximately 17 parts are eliminated using this approach and the water jacket is better optimised.

Integrated Exhaust Manifold
Lotus Engineering designed and developed a new advanced cylinder head design featuring an integrated exhaust manifold. The production-ready technology can significantly reduce manufacturing costs, emissions and weight. An integrated exhaust manifold has potential to:

* Reduce parts count: 18 fewer components resulting in lower inventory, production, logistics and aftermarket costs
* Weight reduction: total system mass reduction resulting from elimination of separate exhaust manifold
* Improved engine durability

Generator
Attached to the engine via the crankshaft, the generator sustains vehicle operation beyond the range provided by the batteries.

Additional Benefits
The Lotus Range Extender engine generates a reduction in emissions through faster light-off of the close-coupled catalytic converter with a reduction in heat loss between the exhaust port and catalyst inlet. Engine operating range is optimised to deliver more efficient running, which also aids underhood thermal management.

Utilisation of the monoblock construction results in an assembly cost reduction, while there is also a reduced catalyst loading requirement because less heat is lost on engine start-up between the exhaust port and catalyst inlet.

Increased vehicle integration flexibility is achieved because of the reduction in mass and the reduced package size leads to reduced space requirements. Particular emphasis has also been placed on the coupling of the generator and NVH signature.

Technical details:
Technical specification of the Lotus Range Extender engine

General

* 1.2 litre 3-cylinder with 2 valves per cylinder, SOHC
* Belt driven

Construction

* Monoblock with Integrated Exhaust Manifold
* All aluminium
* Balance shaft (optional)
* Direct-coupled generator

Bore and Stroke

* 75.0 mm x 90.0 mm

Compression ratio

* 10:1

Maximum power

* 35 kW (47 bhp) at 3500 rpm via integrated electrical generator

Peak torque

* 107 Nm at 2500 rpm

Maximum BMEP

* 11.2 bar

Maximum Engine Speed

* 3500 rpm

Fuel System

* Port fuel injection, Lotus EMS

Fuel

* 95 RON ULG / ethanol / methanol

Dry weight

* 56 kg

[Lotus]